Types of Bullets: Sizes and Calibers
In the case of firearms, knowing about the different types of bullets, their sizes, and calibers is critical for enthusiasts and professionals alike. Whether a hunter, sports shooter, or someone interested in learning more about ammunition, having the correct bullet for your purposes can make a difference. The universe of bullets is immense, and there are plenty of options to choose from that have been developed for various purposes, each having something special in terms of performance, accuracy, and stopping power.
This blog will discuss the various types of bullets, their sizes, and calibers, and how to navigate the intricacies of ammunition choice. From the smallest rounds to the largest, we’ll provide insights into how these differences impact shooting experiences and outcomes. Let’s dive into the fascinating world of bullet sizes and calibers and discover what makes each unique.
What is Bullet Size & Caliber?
Bullet size and caliber are fundamental concepts in firearms and ammunition. Both refer to the physical measurements of a bullet and its fit within a firearm’s barrel, directly influencing its performance, accuracy, and effectiveness.
Bullet size typically refers to the diameter or overall size of the bullet. It assists in defining the bullet’s form and shape, which can change depending on its use, such as hunting, self-defense, or target shooting.
Caliber, however, is generally the term that would be used to define the bullet’s diameter or the bore diameter of the weapon, most likely in inches or millimeters. For example, a “9mm” bullet is 9 millimeters, whereas a “.45” caliber bullet is .45 inches in diameter. Caliber is a shortened term to classify various ammunition categories, and it is a primary factor in determining a gun’s stopping power, accuracy, and recoil.
It’s vital to comprehend both these factors when selecting ammunition for a particular firearm or application because they fundamentally affect the bullet’s performance, flight path, and the shooting experience.
Rimfire vs. Centerfire
One of the most important differences between guns and ammunition is the rimfire and centerfire cartridges. These are names given to how the primer, which fires the gunpowder within the cartridge, is located. This affects the construction, operation, and applications of the ammunition.
Rimfire Ammunition
The primer is positioned about the case’s edge (or rim) in rimfire cartridges. When the firing pin strikes the rim, it crushes the primer and ignites the powder. Rimfire cartridges are primarily found in smaller calibers, like the widespread .22 Long Rifle, and are mostly utilized in rifles and handguns for target shooting, plinking, and small-game hunting.
Rimfire cartridges are cheaper and easier to produce in large quantities, making them suitable for recreational shooting. Nonetheless, they are less energetic than centerfire rounds, and the cases cannot be reloaded, which is another differentiating characteristic.
Centerfire Ammunition
On the other hand, centerfire cartridges have a primer in the center of the case base. When fired, the firing pin hits the center of the primer and ignites the powder within. This setup is stronger and more reliable and can be used with a broader range of calibers, many of which are used for self-defense, law enforcement, hunting, and the military.
Centerfire rounds are more powerful, versatile, and generally reloadable, so professional and high-performance shooters widely use them. Some standard centerfire cartridges include the 9mm, .223 Remington, and .308 Winchester.
Key Features:
Primer Location: The primer is located in the case rim in rimfire cartridges and the center of centerfire cartridges.
Reloadability: Rimfire cases are not reloadable, while centerfire ones can.
Power and Use: Rimfire is typically utilized for smaller calibers and lower-powered ammunition, while centerfire is utilized for higher-powered ammunition in other uses.
Cost: Rimfire cartridges are less costly than centerfire cartridges because they have a more straightforward design and manufacturing process.
12 Most Popular Bullet Calibers
1. .22 LR (Long Rifle)
Best for: Target shooting, small game hunting, beginner training
Weight: 30-40 grains
Muzzle Velocity: 1,200 feet per second
Stopping Power: Low
The most popular and versatile cartridge is the .22 LR, used extensively for target shooting and small game hunting. Because it has minimal recoil and is inexpensive, it is frequently the first choice for new shooters and those shooting at the range for practice. Although unsuitable for self-defense, it is ideal for training and recreational shooting.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Affordable and widely available | Low stopping power |
| Very low recoil, ideal for beginners | Limited effectiveness at longer ranges |
| Excellent for small game hunting | Not suitable for personal defense |
2. 9mm Luger (9x19mm)
Best for: Personal defense, law enforcement, military, target shooting
Weight: 115-147 grains
Muzzle Velocity: 1,100 feet per second
Stopping Power: Moderate
The 9mm Luger is a standard caliber used by the military, law enforcement, and civilians worldwide. It’s a favorite for self-defense because it balances stopping power and recoil in an easy-to-handle manner. It’s employed in numerous handguns and is particularly popular in concealed carry pistols because of its low recoil and versatility.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Good balance of power and recoil | Limited power at very close ranges |
| Affordable | Risk of over-penetration in self-defense |
| Low recoil, easy for rapid follow-up | Less effective for large targets |
3. .40 S&W (Smith & Wesson)
Best for: Personal defense, law enforcement
Weight: 165-180 grains
Muzzle Velocity: 1,000 feet per second
Stopping Power: High
The .40 S&W gives more stopping power than the 9mm, which is why it is favored by law enforcement and civilians alike who desire extra energy without moving up to a larger caliber like the .45 ACP. Although it does have more recoil than the 9mm, it is not too much for most shooters to handle.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| More stopping power than 9mm | Higher recoil than 9mm |
| Versatile for self-defense and law enforcement | Reduced magazine capacity |
| Effective in compact handguns | Expensive |
4. .45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol)
Best for: Self-defense, military, law enforcement
Weight: 185-230 grains
Muzzle Velocity: 850-1,000 feet per second
Stopping Power: Very High
The .45 ACP has an exceptionally high stopping power, earning it one of the most reliable calibers for personal defense. It packs a large bullet at comparatively low velocity, doing massive damage. Though preferred for close-quarters defense, its higher recoil and reduced capacity make it less desirable to some.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| High stopping power for self-defense | Heavy recoil, harder to control |
| Trusted by military and law enforcement | Reduced magazine capacity |
| Excellent for close-range defense | Larger firearm size |
5. .223 Remington / 5.56 NATO
Best for: Military, law enforcement, varmint hunting
Weight: 55-77 grains
Muzzle Velocity: 3,000 feet per second
Stopping Power: Moderate to High
The .223 Remington (civilian) and 5.56 NATO (military) calibers are employed in rifles like the AR-15. They are noted for their accuracy and high velocity and are ideal for small game hunting and tactical applications. Their low recoil makes them suitable for quick follow-up shots in combat or sport shooting.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| High velocity, good accuracy at medium ranges | Limited stopping power for large game |
| Low recoil for fast follow-up shots | May over-penetrate in certain situations |
| Widely available and affordable | Not suitable for self-defense in all cases |
6. .308 Winchester / 7.62 NATO
Best for: Hunting, military, long-range shooting
Weight: 150-180 grains
Muzzle Velocity: 2,700 feet per second
Stopping Power: Very High
The .308 Winchester is one of the most widely used calibers for hunting and long-range shooting. The 7.62 NATO is its military counterpart, providing similar performance. It is recognized for its accuracy, strength, and versatility in killing larger animals and striking targets at long range.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Excellent for long-range shooting | High recoil, difficult for quick follow-up |
| Ideal for large game hunting | Expensive ammunition |
| Reliable military and sniper rounds | Heavy and bulky rifles |
7. .50 BMG (Browning Machine Gun)
Best for: Long-range shooting, military, anti-material, sniper rifles
Weight: 600-800 grains
Muzzle Velocity: Around 2,800 feet per second
Stopping Power: Extremely High
The .50 BMG is arguably the strongest caliber currently in use, and it is used only for military and anti-material purposes. It’s used in heavy machine guns and sniper rifles for long-range engagements, and it can penetrate armored vehicles and hit distant targets with the utmost precision. Although not used in conventional hunting or self-defense, it is still a potent tool in specialized military and tactical missions.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Unmatched long-range capability | Extremely expensive and difficult to find ammo |
| High penetration power (anti-material) | Very high recoil, difficult to control |
| Suitable for military applications | Heavy and bulky firearms |
8. 7.62x39mm
Best for: Military, hunting, self-defense, recreational shooting
Weight: 123-150 grains
Muzzle Velocity: 2,300-2,400 feet per second
Stopping Power: Moderate to High
7.62x39mm is most famous for being the cartridge used for the AK-47 rifle, one of the most popular and used guns in the world. The round balances power and recoil and is well-suited for military use, hunting medium-sized game, and self-defense. It penetrates light cover and produces effective damage at medium ranges; therefore, it is a great round for tactical and recreational shooters.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Perfect for medium game hunting | Limited range and accuracy compared to larger calibers |
| High stopping power at short-medium ranges | High recoil can affect follow-up shots |
| Reliable and widely available | Less effective for long-range engagements |
9. .38 Special & .357 Magnum
Best for: Personal defense, law enforcement, hunting
Weight: .38 Special: 130-158 grains, .357 Magnum: 125-180 grains
Muzzle Velocity: .38 Special: 850-1,000 feet per second, .357 Magnum: 1,200-1,500 feet per second
Stopping Power: Moderate to High
The .38 Special is a general-purpose caliber widely employed in revolvers for self-protection and law enforcement. It has moderate recoil and relatively low power. The .357 Magnum, by contrast, possesses much more stopping power with incredible velocity and energy and can be utilized for self-protection, law enforcement, and even hunting small to medium-sized game. The .357 Magnum also fires .38 Special rounds, with the added benefit of flexibility in ammunition options.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| .38 Special: Low recoil, great for beginners | .357 Magnum: High recoil and loud report |
| .357 Magnum: Very high stopping power | .357 Magnum: Can be harder to control for some shooters |
| .357 Magnum: Versatile for self-defense and hunting | .357 Magnum: Expensive ammo compared to other calibers |
10. .380 ACP
Best for: Concealed carry, personal defense
Weight: 85-95 grains
Muzzle Velocity: 900-1,000 feet per second
Stopping Power: Moderate to Low
The .380 ACP is a favorite caliber for small and subcompact pistols, making it a favorite for concealed carry. Its small recoil and minimalism are preferred, making it simple to carry in any concealed carry holster. The .380 ACP is widely regarded as a sound self-defense choice, but its reduced stopping power compared to larger calibers can be problematic in some circumstances.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Small, compact, and easy to conceal | Lower stopping power than larger calibers |
| Low recoil, easy for beginners | Less effective at longer ranges |
| Affordable ammo | Reduced magazine capacity compared to larger calibers |
11. 12-Gauge Shotgun
Best for: Hunting, home defense, sport shooting
Weight: 1 to 1.5 ounces of shot or slugs
Muzzle Velocity: 1,200-1,600 feet per second (varies by load)
Stopping Power: Very High
A 12-gauge shotgun is a very powerful and versatile firearm that can shoot different types of bullets, such as birdshot, buckshot, and slugs. It’s commonly applied for hunting, home protection, and competition shooting because of its huge stopping ability at close distances, most notably with buckshot or slugs.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Very powerful at close range | Short effective range |
| Versatile, with multiple ammunition types | Difficult to conceal |
| Ideal for home defense and hunting | Bulky and heavy |
12. .30-06 Springfield
Best for: Hunting, military, long-range shooting
Weight: 150-180 grains
Muzzle Velocity: 2,900 feet per second
Stopping Power: Very High
The .30-06 Springfield is a highly praised hunting caliber. It’s used for large-game hunting, including elk and moose. It’s also very popular in military and long-distance precision shooting. The caliber has great range and power, but it also has a lot of recoil.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| High power and long-range accuracy | High recoil, difficult to manage for some |
| Excellent for large game hunting | Expensive |
| Versatile and widely used | Heavy |
Common Bullet Shapes
Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) rounds possess a lead core in a more durable metal jacket, often copper. FMJ rounds are mainly employed for target shooting and the military because they can penetrate deeply and are not distorted on impact. The chief advantages of FMJ rounds are their affordability, lessened barrel fouling, and consistency for practice. Nonetheless, they possess poor stopping power and may over-penetrate, hence being less desirable in self-defense where there is a need for controlled destruction.
Hollow-point (HP) ammunition features a hollow tip that expands on contact. Upon expansion, they produce an extensive wound channel that boosts stopping power while preventing over-penetration. HP bullets are usually applied in self-defense and law enforcement because they are capable of incapacitating a target more effectively. Though very effective in personal defense, HP bullets are more costly than FMJ bullets, are less effective at defeating barriers, and are capable of causing greater wear to the firearm’s barrel.
Soft Point (SP) bullets have a partially exposed lead point that expands when they hit an object. They are often used for hunting as they produce controlled expansion, which provides penetration and damage control. SP bullets are well-suited for hunting medium-sized game since they cause extensive damage without excessive fragmentation. However, they don’t expand consistently as hollow points and are less suitable for self-defense scenarios.
Ballistic Tip bullets are tipped with a polymer that increases the bullet’s aerodynamics. Upon impact, the tip causes expansion and results in a controlled and predictable wound. Ballistic Tip bullets are widely used for long-range hunting because they are more accurate and exhibit stable flight. They are highly effective in long-range shooting but costly and less effective at close ranges, where other bullets may be more effective.
Wad-Cutter bullets have a flat, razor-sharp nose that makes them ideal for target shooting. They are shot to punch neat, round holes in paper targets, thus making them very suitable for precision shooting and competitions. Wad cutters are good for low-recoil, low-power shooting but are poor penetrators and useless for hunting or self-defense, where more stopping power is needed.
Boat Tail (BT) bullets possess a tapering at the rear to cut down on drag and improve the bullet’s stability during flight. Due to this design, they retain velocity over extended distances, making them well-suited for long-distance shooting like sniping or precision target shooting. The biggest advantage of boat-tail rounds is that they provide greater accuracy and stability at long ranges. Yet, they cost more than regular bullets and are not suitable for short-range use.
Fragmenting bullets are made to shatter into many pieces upon striking, inflicting massive damage to the target. They are helpful in self-defense as they minimize over-penetration risk while maximizing damage. However, they are less precise at long ranges and can have inconsistent performance, particularly when fired from some weapons or at specific velocities.
Armor-piercing (AP) bullets have a hardened core, usually constructed of steel or tungsten, which enables them to penetrate armor and other hard obstacles. They are frequently utilized in military and law enforcement contexts where armor penetration is necessary. Although extremely effective against armored targets, armor-piercing bullets are costly, highly regulated, and unsafe for civilian applications because they can penetrate barriers and result in unintended injury.
Components of Common Cartridges
A cartridge, a round, or a shell is a self-contained assembly containing all the components required to fire. The major parts that constitute the most popular cartridges are as follows:
- Bullet: The bullet is the projectile released from the gun when the cartridge is discharged, usually composed of lead, copper, or a lead core with a copper coating (FMJ). The bullet is shaped to cause injury to the target, either for hunting, personal protection, or practice shooting. Its composition and shape influence its speed, trajectory, and behavior on impact.
- Case (or Shell Casing): The cartridge case is the shell enclosing all the other components (bullet, powder, and primer). It is typically manufactured from brass, steel, or aluminum. Brass is the most typical, but steel or aluminum can also be employed. The case contains the bullet and the powder and seals the chamber when the weapon is discharged. It also includes the primer in the base and retains the pressure of the burning powder.
- Powder (Gunpowder or Propellant): The propellant is the material within the cartridge that combusts and generates gas upon being ignited. This gas expels the bullet from the barrel. Gunpowder was the original propellant used, but current cartridges are typically filled with smokeless powder (which is more efficient and emits less smoke). When the primer burns the powder, it releases gas, which creates pressure pushing the bullet down the barrel at high speed.
- Primer: The primer is a tiny but crucial part placed at the cartridge’s rear. When impacted by the firing pin, a small explosive charge causes the powder to ignite. The primer is often made of lead styphnate, barium nitrate, and antimony sulfide. The primer causes the powder to burn when it creates a tiny spark or explosion, initiating the chain reaction that launches the bullet.
- Rim (or Rimless): The rim is a projecting edge at the bottom of specific cartridges. It assists in the extraction and ejection of the fired casing. There are two types: rimmed, having a prominent rim, used in revolvers and certain older rifles, and rimless, which is used in most contemporary cartridges; it has no projecting rim and is utilized in semi-automatic and automatic weapons. The rim assists during extraction in rimmed cartridges, while rimless cartridges use the firearm extractor to extract the spent casing from the chamber.
- Crimp: The crimp is the casing section that keeps the bullet in position. It usually exists at the mouth of the cartridge. The crimp is formed when the case mouth becomes slightly distorted to hold the bullet securely. The crimp prevents the bullet from shifting inside the casing while it is stored and transported and also prevents it from shifting upon chambering the cartridge. It is instrumental in stopping bullets from traveling during recoil or being loaded into the chamber.
- Headstamp: The headstamp is usually stamped on the bottom of the cartridge case. It gives vital information regarding the manufacturer and other specifications. The headstamp indicates the caliber, maker, and occasionally the year of manufacture. For instance, a cartridge with a “9mm Luger” on the bottom will indicate the bullet type and the maker.
Conclusion
Knowledge of various bullet types, sizes, and calibers is important in selecting the appropriate ammunition for particular purposes. Every bullet serves a purpose, from low-recoil, small-caliber rounds such as the .22 LR for new shooters to high-powered cartridges, such as the .50 BMG, used for military applications. Knowing how caliber, design, and performance influence shooting, you can choose hunting, self-defense, or target shooting.
FAQs
Q. Why are my bullet points different sizes?
Bullet points vary in size due to different calibers and designs for specific purposes, such as hunting, self-defense, or target shooting.
Q. How do you determine the caliber of a bullet?
The bullet’s diameter determines caliber, measured in millimeters or inches (e.g., 9mm or .45).
Q. What is the thing called that holds bullets in a gun?
The part that holds bullets is called a magazine (for semi-automatic guns) or a cylinder (for revolvers).
Q. What do different grains mean in ammo?
Grains measure the bullet’s weight; a higher grain means a heavier bullet, affecting speed, recoil, and energy.
